Sunday 30 September 2012

1690s Purcell and Pachelbel - the greatest hits truly begin

The 1690s is predominantly taken up by Henry Purcell and all of his music came in the first half of the decade because he was dead by the second. It seems he has slotted right into the place that Lully vacated after that composer had wacked his foot and accidently killed himself and Purcell's music is clearly greatly influenced  by Lully. As with Lully he composed lots of choral music and sing songs for operas and theatre. As with Lully I have completely ignored this to listen to the good bits which are the glorious instrumental interludes, usually involving trumpets. There are many excellent Purcell pieces but the stand outs for me are the trumpet voluntary from the Indian Queen z.630 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30D1iPN6vdc the second Allegro from the trumpet sonata in D http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zhRtOfxv1c (it starts at 3.20 on this clip), the rondo from Abdelezar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xm71yCre2O8&feature=relatedand these three: CBC Vancouver Orchestra – The Married Beau, Z. 603, "The Curious Impertinent": HornpipeOrchester Le Phenix – Distress'd Innocence, Z. 577: VII. AireJohn Eliot Gardiner – Purcell : Timon of Athens Z632 : Dioclesian Second Music

It's funny though because my favourite two are not actually by Purcell but in fact by a much lesser known English contemporary of Purcell called Jeremiah Clarke (1674-1707). They are  the Trumpet Voluntary for the Prince of Denmark http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1n7WeuHCog  and the Trumpet Tune in D from the Island Princess (on which Purcell's younger brother Daniel worked and which is extremely similar to Purcell's trumpet voluntary from the Indian Queen - hence the confusion). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JFv69KInTnM. That was like thinking 'I'm a believer' is your favourite Beatles song and finding out it's by the Monkees. Oh well, I can take a set back like that because  I still think Purcell was the best composer around at the time. These two extremely catchy Jeremiah Clarke trumpet tunes often end up on classical best of compilations incorrectly attributed to Purcell, so it's not just me that has been fooled.

The young Purcell was like a famous pop star of the time and top melody writer. He had been still a teenager when he was appointed court composer for the king's 24 violins in 1677. In some of his portraits there is a vague sort of resemblance to Paul McCartney....



......well I think so anyway.

Purcell's death in 1695 was even more tragic than Lully's when at the age of only about 36, in his creative prime, he came home from an after show party to find his wife had shut him out as she'd got fed up with him coming in late and he caught a chill from the cold and died. Either that or he just randomly caught tuberculosis or pneumonia somehow, it is not really known.

Of the other composers from the 1680s, in the 1690s I could not find much that was that good from Biber and Corelli was less prolific. His 4th Opus comes in 1694 and of the 12 sonatas my favourite is the allegro from sonata II which starts after 2 minutes on this clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NloP7jSdcRU.  I sort of thought it was going to be all violins in the 1690s but actually Purcell's (and Jeremia Clarke's)  brass blows that all away. As well as that there was another Italian violin composer who was like Corelli but with a T for trumpets and his name was Giuseppe Torelli (1658-1709). Corelli was the main man in Rome and Torelli was his equivalent composing in Bologna.  Absent in the 1680s posting because I could not find anything good from him in that decade, the 1690s saw Torelli  composing numerous trumpet concertos and some of them are brilliant...so much for violins. I have listened to all of these and the best are the Concerto Estienne Roger: Allegro http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfIzv_tt4K4 and Giuseppe Torelli – Sinfonia G. 8: Allegro

As if this is not enough to make the point that the best music in the 1690s was being played on brass instruments we have Marc-Antoine Charpentier (1643-1704) who composed the magnificent prelude to his Te Deum some time during this decade http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1e_QclgWsbA&feature=related.

Well now we've had Purcell's, I mean Jeremiah Clarke's trumpet voluntary but we are well and truly coming into 'classical greatest hits compilations' territory with one of the best known pieces of music ever composed. This was the Canon in D major by Johann Pachelbel (1653-1706) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NlprozGcs80&feature=related, now sabotaged quite regularly by buskers everywhere. Well, to give the buskers their due, may be it is not sabotage but I just wish they would not all play this same piece all the time, it gets so annoying especially when the piece itself is just a few bars repeated (supposedly) 28 times.....mind you I expect it also gets the pennies dropping! It also happens to be in about 50 different pop and rock songs. Having said all of that I still think it's amazing. 

It is not certain when it was actually composed but I reckon 1690s is most likely for a couple of reasons. Firstly some believe it was composed for the wedding of J.C. Bach, the oldest brother of the great J.S. Bach in 1694. Secondly it's as if Corelli and Biber were groping towards it's immortal chord sequence but not quite finding it in the 1680s. Have a listen to Il Ruggiero – Sonata Duodecima by Corelli and Ars Antiqua Austria – Violin Sonata No. 3 in F major, C. 140: IV. Variatio by Biber which are favourites of mine from the 1680s to hear what I mean. Either that or they had heard it and were ripping it off like everyone else does! Apart from this Pachelbel mostly composed organ music which was probably not as good as his contemporary, Buxtehude, of whom I gave a mention in an earlier posting. He did compose some other music for stringed instruments which I might have included if it had come in say the 1660s when I could barely find any music I liked, but really now I am getting spoilt for choice of good tunes as we approach the 1700s and Pachelbel's other works have not made the cut for me. Pachelbel is what you might call a one hit wonder - but what a hit it is, even if it took until the latter part of the 20th century for people to realise.

Of all of these, and not withstanding the Jeremiah Clarke set back, Henry Purcell was without question the greatest of the time and almost all his great work came from a five year period at the start of this decade. Imagine how much more he could have composed if he had lived longer. I believe he will be sorely missed for music until we get to the work of a truly golden generation of composers which include Vivaldi who was just 17, and Handel and  J.S. Bach, who were 10 year olds when Purcell died. 

General History

The war of the League of Augsberg ended in defeat for France and victory for most of the rest of Europe in 1697. No other major events really.

Architecture

Versailles provided the inspiration for many baroque country houses for aristocrats that continued to spring up around Europe. Here are a couple of good ones that were being built during this decade in England.

England1 144.jpg
 Chatsworth House, Derbyshire                                                Castle Howard, Yorkshire

Art, Literature and Technology

Ok I'll keep this short - there is not really much happening in art, literature or technology at this time.

Philosophy

Locke wrote 'Some Thoughts Concerning Education' in 1693.  In some ways this was like a sequel to 'Essay on human In Understanding'. In that he had said how the mind was like a blank slate and our only reality was what we experienced through the senses. In this new  bit of writing he explains how the mind should be educated, namely with an emphasis on understanding virtue and retaining health, rather than fact gathering.  He thought the best way was to install in children an enthusiasm for acquiring knowledge for themselves rather than actually teaching them the facts. This idea of thinking and reasoning for your self rather than just doing what you're told, blindly following tradition, makes Locke for many the first 'modern' thinker and a revolutionary. This mindset is closely linked with his friend Newton and his approach to the world of science.

So here are my selections for the greatest hitstory:

Purcell

Christopher Hogwood – Purcell: Abdelazer - Rondeau
Orchester Le Phenix – Abdelazar Suite, Z. 570: VI. Second Act Tune: Aire
Orchester Le Phenix – Distress'd Innocence, Z. 577: VII. Aire
CBC Vancouver Orchestra – The Married Beau, Z. 603, "The Curious Impertinent": Hornpipe
Nikolaus Harnoncourt – Purcell : The Fairy Queen : Act 3 Dance for the Green Men
Nikolaus Harnoncourt – Purcell : The Fairy Queen : Act 3 Hornpipe
Nikolaus Harnoncourt – Purcell : The Fairy Queen : Act 4 Symphony
John Eilot Gardiner – Purcell : The Indian Queen Z630 : Act 2 Allegro
John Eilot Gardiner – Purcell : The Indian Queen Z630 : Act 3 Air
John Eliot Gardiner – Purcell : The Tempest Z631/10 : Act 4 The sailor's dance
John Eliot Gardiner – Purcell : Timon of Athens Z632 : Overture to The Masque
John Eliot Gardiner – Purcell : Timon of Athens Z632 : Dioclesian Second Music
John Eliot Gardiner – Purcell : Timon of Athens Z632 : Act 4 Fourth Act Tune
John Eliot Gardiner – Purcell : Trumpet Sonata in D major Z850 : I Allegro
John Eliot Gardiner – Purcell : Trumpet Sonata in D major Z850 : III Allegro
Olivier Baumont – Purcell : Harpsichord Suite No.1 in G major Z660 : I Prelude
Aradia Ensemble – The Indian Queen, Z. 630 : Trumpet Overture To 'The Indian Queen', Z. 630
The Scholars Baroque Ensemble – The Indian Queen, Z. 630 : Act III - Dance


Clarke

Island Princess Trumpet Tune
Prince of Denmark Trumpet Voluntary 

Corelli

Il Ruggiero – Sonata II
Il Ruggiero – Sonata III
Il Ruggiero – Sonata IV
Il Ruggiero – Sonata IX
Il Ruggiero – Sonata X
Il Ruggiero – Sonata X
Il Ruggiero – Sonata XII


Torelli

Giuseppe Torelli – Concerto Estienne Roger: Allegro
Giuseppe Torelli – Sinfonia Avanti L' Opera G. 14: Allegro
Giuseppe Torelli – Sinfonia G. 4: Allegro
Giuseppe Torelli – Sinfonia Con Trombe G. 20: Allegro
Giuseppe Torelli – Sinfonia G. 8: Allegro


Charpentier

London Festival Orchestra – Te Deum

Pachelbel

London Philharmonic Orchestra – Canon in D Major

Wednesday 19 September 2012

1680s Captain Correlli's violin string

Zooming on into the 1680s and with his triumphant and majestic instrumental interludes we find Lully still going strong until he accidently wacks his toe with the baton he was using to keep the orchestra in time during a performance of Te Deum. Unfortunately this caused him an injury which might have healed if he'd had it looked at by a doctor. As it happened the wound became gangrenous, he refused to have his toe amputated and this meant the end of Lully on 22nd March 1687, a real shame for music. In this decade Lully even managed to compose some vocal music that I like, that is the chorus 'Cherchons la paix dans cet asile' from his opera Phaeton which I am sure I have heard somewhere, on a television advert probably.

My other favourite composer of the day was also still going strong and he did manage to survive the decade.  Biber was like nobody else and his music seems to know no boundaries. My particular favourites from him this decade are Garry Clarke – Mensa sonora, seu Musica instrumentalis: Sonata No. 2 in F major: I. Intrada and Ars Antiqua Austria – Violin Sonata No. 3 in F major, C. 140: IV. Variatio. This latter piece and some other of Biber's music has something about it, like the chanting hundreds of years earlier, that just seems timeless and I feel a bit cheesy and at risk of sounding a bit like a judge on the X Factor for using this word but also, 'soulful', especially when you compare him to Lully who was great but of his time. The way it ends is extraordinary for the 1680s, but then Biber was an extraordinary composer. As much as I love the music from the other composers I have chosen in this decade, next to this all those other pieces seem a bit trivial, but then they're lots of fun too.

So that's Biber but there was another virtuoso violinist based in Rome who was more influential, this was Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713). Corelli's music was very much in keeping with the classical architecture around him, nice and neat and tidy, well formed, perfectly balanced and aesthetically pleasing. Parts of Biber sound outrageous by comparison.  Corelli's musical output is also very neatly organised consisting only of 6 'opus' collections which each had 12 sonatas each containing a few short movements. In this decade we have Opus 1 (1681), 2 (1685) and 3 (1689) and out of these three the first is the best and the second the worst. Opus 6 which was not published until just after he died is supposed to be the best of all 6 but we'll see about that when I get to the 1710s. There's not much to separate these sonatas but try the first allegro from sonata 7 of opus 1. Il Ruggiero – Sonata Settima

Corelli is significant because he was the first of all the composers not to bother with choral or vocal music at all, that is, the first whose work consisted entirely of music for instruments and the composer who set music on a course that would finally see instrumental chamber and orchestral music challenge the status of vocal music.  I refer to him as captain in my heading partly in tribute to a great novel by Louis De Bernieres but also because in a way Corelli was the  captain of the violinists, the one they all looked up to and learnt from, the first in a string of Italian composers of violin music, most of whom would follow Corelli's style and some of whom were his pupils (excuse the pun but by the string I mean Corelli, Torelli, Albinoni, Vivaldi, Locatelli, Somis, Manfredini, Geminiani,  Veracini, Tartini, and a little later Nardini, Lolli and Pugnani and finally to Paganini, the Jimi Hendrixi of the violin). 

With Biber and Corelli the violin was well and truly on the up and had established itself as the most important non-keyboard instrument. Antonio Stradivari began making instruments around this time and bought the design of the violin to perfection between 1700-1720.

In my last post I mentioned an English composer whose name I am pleased now to reveal as Henry Purcell (1659-1695). Purcell's really good music does not really come until 1689 and I have picked the opening overture from his opera Didas & Aeneas which is a slow starter but then gets going after about a minute. Three other pieces are harpischord pieces which could be 1690s but I am guessing 1680s - it's a real joy to find such catchy little 40/50 second gems for the harpsichord as Rigadoon, Scotch Tune and Irish Tune and the March in C major but Purcell's best was yet to come.

So my selections for this decade are: -

Lully

Christophe Rousset – II, 5: Entrée, Gavotte
Marc Minkowski – Lully : Phaëton : Prologue "Cherchons la paix dans cet asile" [Chorus]
Musica Antiqua Köln – Lully: Te Deum Motet à deux choeurs
Lully, Jean-Baptiste [Composer] – Lully: Acis & Galatée - Premier Air - Deuxième Air
Dominik Kiefer – Phaeton : Rondeau

Biber

Ars Antiqua Austria – Violin Sonata No. 3 in F major, C. 140: IV. Variatio
Ars Antiqua Austria – Violin Sonata No. 8 in A major, C. 145: IV. Allegro - Allegro
Garry Clarke – Mensa sonora, seu Musica instrumentalis: Sonata No. 2 in F major: I. Intrada
Garry Clarke – Mensa sonora, seu Musica instrumentalis: Partita No. 3 in A minor: III. Aria
Garry Clarke – Mensa sonora, seu Musica instrumentalis: Sonata No. 4 in B flat major: IV. Balletto
Garry Clarke – Mensa sonora, seu Musica instrumentalis: Sonata No. 5 in E major: V. Gavotte: Alla breve
Nikolaus Harnoncourt – Biber: Sonata a 2 violini, trombone, violone in D minor - 2. (Poco allegro)
Nikolaus Harnoncourt – Biber: Sonata a 2 violini, trombone, violone in D minor - 9. (Allegro)

Corelli

Il Ruggiero – Sonata Prima
Il Ruggiero – Sonata Seconda
Il Ruggiero – Sonata Quinta
Il Ruggiero – Sonata Settima
Il Ruggiero – Sonata Duodecima
Il Ruggiero – Sonata Sesta
Il Ruggiero – Sonata Ottava
Il Ruggiero – Sonata Duodecima

Purcell

William Christie – Purcell : Dido & Aeneas : Overture
Olivier Baumont – Purcell : Hornpipe in E minor ZT685
John Gibbons – March in C major, Z. 648
A New Scotch Tune in C major, Z. 655
John Gibbons – A New Irish Tune in G major, Z. 646
John Gibbons – Rigadoon in C major, Z. 653

General History

Turkey and Austria were at war with each other and Poland joined in on Austria's side. Louis XIV started to get too big for his boots, banning all religions except catholic and kicking the protestant Huguenots out of France  which was not a good move for his country. He also claimed the Palatinate, a German state as French. This was also not a good move for France because it led to Sweden, Spain, Holland, the Holy Roman Empire and German states, Saxony and Bavaria forming the League of Augsburg against Louis XIV. England later joined  the League after James II was forced out and replaced by William and Mary in 1688. The war of the League of Augsburg, with them all against France, began in 1689.

Architecture

Now that the finishing touches were being put on the palace at Versailles most aristocrats around Europe wanted their own mini Versailles and also to replicate Bernini and Boromini's impressive Italian baroque designs and a whole lot of extravagant castle and monastery building was going on, though often they would run out of money before the buildings were completed.

Art

We are in a creative slump in terms of painting. By now the greatest artists of the century had either died, that's Rubens, Poussin, Velasquez, Rembrandt, Vermeer, or were about to this decade, meaning Ruisdael and finally Claude Lorraine. Claude did at least manage to keep the standard of his paintings up into his late seventies with this one entitled landscape of Ascanius Shooting the Stag of Sylvia, painted in 1682, the year of his death.


Literature

The world of literature was consistent with the art world in that there really was not a great deal of enormous significance happening in this decade (apart from Locke & Newton who, if you read on you will see, within a couple of years of each other, were responsible for two of the most important publications in the history of mankind) .

Science & Technology

Newton published his Principia (or mathematical principals of natural philosophy) in 1687. This is the monumentally important book in which he explains the laws of gravity and the workings of the solar system. From this Newton could predict things like the movement of the moon, the planets, comets, the movement of the tides, an absolutely astounding achievement that for the first time, gave people the feeling that the universe had somehow been tamed.

Within Principia was the invention of 'Calculus' (the study of change in maths). An intellectual rival of Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716),  had in fact invented Calculus independently and published this in 1684. It is unfortunate for Leibniz to have worked all that out and then to find that Newton could prove he had already done it back in 1666 but just not published his work, a bit like when you think you've got an amazing idea for a new type of website but then find out it's already been done! You've got to have some sympathy for Leibniz, who despite discrediting himself by trying to back date and amend his work to claim the glory, was apparently a charming and well liked fellow. His desk was very untidy and he confessed he would often have to re do work he had already done because it would be quicker for him to do that than to look through his unorganised pile of papers. Of some consolation for him is that it is his notation for Calculus that mathematicians now use rather than Newton's.

Leibniz was a real bright button though and was the first to describe an early type of mechanical calculator  called a pinwheel calculator and his 'leibniz wheel' was a component used in the first mass produced calculator which came out much later in 1851 and this component was used all the way until 1973 when electronic calculators came in.

Leibniz also began philosophising in this decade, following the rationalist philosophy of Descartes and Spinoza but he did not publish anything until 1710, probably because his papers were in a mess, so I'll tell you about his ideas when I get to 1710.

Philosophy

Newton's friend John Locke (1632-1704) published his Essay on Human Understanding in 1689. Like Newton's 'Principia' this is another monumental work and like Henry Purcell, Locke is basically known  for what he came out with during the few years following from and including 1689.

Before Locke people generally thought that the limit to what could be known was set by what there actually was in the universe, so theoretically we could go on finding out things until there was nothing left to find out. So for example Descartes started with 'I think therefore I am' and said we can build up our understanding of the universe from one certainty leading to another.  Locke on the other hand said that when we are born, rather than thinking first, our mind  is like a blank page waiting to be written on by our experience in the world and we can only really know and understand things based on what we experience through our senses and build our knowledge from there, so there may be a whole lot in reality that we'll never be able to know about if we don't experience it through our senses. This idea that knowledge comes from how we interpret our sensory experience, rather than pure and simple reasoning is known as empiricism and is a reaction against the rationalist school of thinking that included Descartes, Spinoza and Newton's intellectual rival Leibniz.

Also important to Locke's philosophy is that as we infer something from our sensory experience, we'll then generalise from that experience and this occasionally can lead to us being mistaken.

Locke's ideas were revolutionary in two ways. One because they suggested that no one is superior by birth whether they're a king or a peasant and two, because they suggested that  if we could be mistaken then we should not impose our own view, but instead be tolerant of other people's, and willing to change our mind if necessary. Locke believes that this sort of thinking combined with the absence of civil order being of such great detriment to human beings led mankind to listen to one another to create organised rule. So for Locke governments and rulers are empowered by the people and that is where they had always got their sovereignty from, not from God as rulers like Louis XIV liked to believe.  Locke's essay marks the start of liberal democracy and was a big influence on the people who started the French and American revolutions about 100 years later.

GREATEST HITSTORY




Sunday 26 August 2012

1670s Lully, Biber and the first public concerts


If you want to know who made the best music in the 1670s I do not think you need to look much further than Lully in Versailles who had ruled the roost in the 1660s and Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber (1644-1704) in Salzburg both of whose music goes from strength to strength. Between them there is an abundance of really good, short and lively instrumental pieces, most of which are about a minute and forty seconds long.

Lully’s are mostly interludes from his various operas and ballets but Biber is best known for his Rosary Sonatas (aka the Mystery Sonatas) which is one of the earliest collection of pieces for solo violin, from 1676 (give or take a year or two). Of these sonatas (there are 15 of them), a couple of gigues and a gavotte make it into my compilation. For me the violin sounds best with accompanying instrumentation and I really like the selections from Biber’s fast and feisty Battalia à 10 (10 instruments) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BC2oaSAToRE and slow and serene Balletti à 6 (6 instruments). IV. Der Mars from Biber's Batallia sounds to me like it might have influenced Gustav Holst when he composed 'Mars The Bringer of War'  from the Planets in the 20th Century which in turn has been influential on many film scores. Also on the Battalia collection there is a curiously cacophonous piece called  Die liederliche Gesellschaft von allerley Humor which brings to mind Biber's earlier imitations of animal sounds (things like cats and cuckoos) from his 'Sonata violino solo representativa' to which I was referring in my 1660s posting.

This decade is also notable because in 1672 in London, the largest city in Europe at the time, the first ticketed public concert is believed to have taken place thanks to an ex-empoloyee of the king, John Bannister. John Bannister had held the equivalent post as that of Lully in France. That is he was in charge of the King's orchestra. Louise XIV had his Les Vingt Quatre Violins Du Roi, an orchestra of 24 stringed instruments and Louis' cousin, King Charles II of England had been impressed with this and so got himself an orchestra of 24 too, putting the violinist John Bannister in charge. The problem was there were some French players in his orchestra and John Bannister made some impertinent remark about them offending Charles' liking for  the French, which got him the sack. 

No longer in the employment of the king, it seems John Bannister then went about organising concerts for the public rather than for the king and his courtiers, the first being in 1672 at his house. They did not catch on in a big way, that would not happen until the 1720s (in France), but by 1678 at least there was a public concert hall at Charing Cross in London. Not much really great music had come from England since the days of Byrd and Dowland at the turn of the last century but the stage was being set for one of England's greatest ever composers, in his late teens at this time, but whom I’ll get to soon.

I will mention at this point another German composer whose name was Dieterich Buxtehude (1637-1707). Buxtehude organised Evening music concerts in Lubeck, Germany, that were free for the public (and funded by local business men) in 1673 which were held on the five Sundays leading up to Christmas each year and continued all the way until 1810. I mention Buxtehude mainly because he was a big influence on the soon to be born J.S. Bach who was such a big fan that he famously walked 400 kilometres to watch Buxtehude perform in one of these evening concerts. Buxtehude is a composer of organ music which is a bit of a challenge for a 21st Century listener such as myself. However, I have selected Ciacona In E Moll Buxwv 160 which judging from its catalogue number I am guessing was composed in this decade.

The best of them all though is definitely still Lully and you can see a depiction of Lully’s ballet Alceste being performed at the King Louise XIV’s Palace at Versailles below. Look at that, listen  to Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Alceste, 1674: Marche Des Combattans and imagine you were there!


Lully

Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Le Bougeois Gentilhomme, 1670: Gavotte (Lully)
Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Le Bougeois Gentilhomme, 1670: Canaries (Lully)
Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Le Bougeois Gentilhomme, 1670: Chaconne Des Scaramouches, Trivelins Et Arlequins (Lully)
Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Le Divertissement Royal, 1664-1670: Les Suivants De Neptune (Lully)
Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Le Divertissement Royal, 1664-1670: Prélude Des Trompettes (Lully)
Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Le Divertissement Royal, 1664-1670: Danse De Neptune (Lully)
Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Le Divertissement Royal, 1664-1670: Les Hommes Et Femmes Armés (Lully)
Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Le Divertissement Royal, 1664-1670: Menuet Pour Les Trompettes (Lully)
Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Alceste, 1674: Marche Des Combattans (Lully)
Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Alceste, 1674: Menuet (Lully)
Le Concert Des Nations, Jordi Savall – Alceste, 1674: Loure Pour Les Pêcheurs (Lully)
William Christie – Lully : Psyché : Prelude
Lully Atys: Air


Biber

Biber, Heinrich Ignaz Franz – Rosary Sonata XIII - The Descent Of The Holy Spirit: Guigue
Johannes Koch – Mystery (rosary) Sonata No. 5, "the 12 - Year - Old Jesus In The Temple" - Iii. Gigue
Johannes Koch – Mystery (rosary) Sonata No. 13, "pentecost" - Ii. Gavotte
La Capella Reial De Catalunya, Le Concert De Nations, Jordi Savall – Battalia À 10: Sonata (Biber)
La Capella Reial De Catalunya, Le Concert De Nations, Jordi Savall – Battalia À 10: Presto (Biber)
La Capella Reial De Catalunya, Le Concert De Nations, Jordi Savall – Battalia À 10: Die Schlacht (Biber)
La Capella Reial De Catalunya, Le Concert De Nations, Jordi Savall – Battalia À 10: Presto (Biber)
Combattimento Consort Amsterdam – Sonatae Tam Aris Quam Aulis Servientes
Combattimento Consort Amsterdam – Sonatae Tam Aris Quam Aulis Servientes
Combattimento Consort Amsterdam – Sonatae Tam Aris Quam Aulis Servientes
Virtuosi Saxoniae – H. I. F. Biber: Balletti à 6/Aria
Virtuosi Saxoniae – H. I. F. Biber: Balletti à 6/Sonata
Garry Clarke – Battalia, "Sonata di marche": I. Allegro
Garry Clarke – Battalia, "Sonata di marche": IV. Der Mars

Buxtehude

Bernard Foccroulle – Ciacona In E Moll, Buxwv 160


General history

The Dutch were at war with the French and English and Sweden were at war with Prussia (now Germany).

Peter the Great (1672-1725) became Tzar of Russia in this decade and over the next 50 years or so he would modernise his country making it one of Europe’s most prestigious nations.


Art

There was not an awful lot new happening in art and no massively significant works.

Architecture

Guarini continued to represent the height of the baroque period with his wild but yet perfectly geometrical designs. Christoper Wren set about rebuilding London after the great fire of 1666. Most famously he began work on St Paul’s Cathedral in 1675, known for it’s very elegant dome, which finally got finished off in 1710.

St Pauls Cathedral

Literature

The Third of the century’s three great French figures in literature was Jean Racine, the other two being Corneille and Moliere. He was a playwright and his plays were mostly tragedies. May be his most famous play was Phèdre published in 1677. Today it is one of the most frequently staged tragedies of the 17th Century.


Science and Technology

Great scientific institutions continued to be set up in this decade, the prime example being The Royal Observatory at Greenwich, London which was established in 1675.

Isaac Newton (1642-1727) who unbeknown to the rest of the world had possibly worked out most of what he would become known for back in 1666 (that is discovering gravity, inventing calculus (calculus is the study of change in maths) and his theories on light and colour and generally being a strong candidate for cleverest person that ever lived) published his first paper on light and colour in 1672. He worked out that white light was in fact a mixture of lots of different colours and that when shone through a prism it would split up into these different colours  (just as the sun light does on rain drops, making a rainbow) but then when those separate colours went through a second prism they would not split further which showed that these colours were part of the white light itself and not something different that was produced by it. This led to him inventing a new type of reflective telescope which got him elected as member of the recently established Royal Society of London.

Great strides with the recently invented microscope continued to be made with Anthony van Leeuwenhoek who was the first to use it to examine single celled organisms. He was actually an amateur but made better microscopes than any of his professional scientific contemporaries and is known as the father of microbiology, not bad for a hobby. He might have been an amateur but he was probably important enough to be aquainted with the great painter Vermeer as they were both from Delft in Holland and he was appointed by Vermeer’s will as executor of his estate, which he had to administer when Vermeer died in 1675.

Philosophy

This was the decade in which Benedict Spinoza’s great work ‘Ethics’ was published. To be more specific it was in 1677, a few months after he died.

Benedict Spinoza was of the same rationalist school of thinkers as Descartes. Like Descartes he took a scientific and mathematical approach to philosophy and based his ideas on logic. However, he was not completely satisfied with what Descartes had said. He had two main questions that Descartes did not answer satisfactorily enough for him.

The first one was that if everything was a logical consequence of something else as Descartes had said, how could there be God in the first place? Spinoza's answer was that there could be God because God was absolutely everything, so there didn’t really need to be a first place.

Spinoza’s reasoning for why God is everything went as follows:- For Descartes there are two separate things: thoughts and tangible things but for Spinoza these could not be separate because with thoughts you can move tangible things. If I think that I want to type a sentence in this blog out, my fingers will then do that, so there is tangible movement which stems from thought, so for Spinoza thought and matter are in fact one and the same. By the same token if God is infinite he cannot be separate to us and so everything we know is in fact god himself. So God is not somebody who sits outside the world and created it (a view that Newton held) – God is the world the universe and everything. Just as we have a body and a soul which for Spinoza is one and the same (thoughts and typing are the same), the body is the outward form of the soul so God’s body is everything in the universe and everything in the universe is the outward body of God’s soul. This idea became very popular with the romantics who came along in literature, music and art in the late 1700s and early 1800s. They were the ones who revived Spinoza’s work which people had ignored for about 100 years after he had died.

The second question Spinoza had of Descartes’ philosophy was that if everything was a logical consequence of something else, as Descartes had said, how could there be free will? Spinoza’s answer was that there was no free will.

Spinoza saw the everyday actions of us human beings as being outside our control, that our idea of freewill was in fact an illusion because we might sometimes think we do but we do not really truly and fully understand the causes of our actions. The good thing about this is that if we become aware of this, we can see our personal problems as extremely petty in the grand scheme of things. If we look at our own lives through the eyes of eternity, any problems we may have are just silly little things, so let’s not worry too much!

Spinoza made a few other important contributions to philosophical thought. He was the first to argue that freedom of speech was necessary to secure public order – the people that try to stop freedom of speech are the main disturbers of the peace, not the people who exercise freedom of speech.

Another of his achievements was that he was the first to look at the bible as a historical document and to question its accuracy in this regard, which is really quite a significant development in Western thought.

http://open.spotify.com/user/historyomtssg/playlist/4ScOA61pnLIMRvfoNfrInh